fixing the site
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</style>
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<a href="/20241210233721-brain_moc.html"> <img src="/assets/gr.png" alt="Site Logo" class="banner-logo" /> </a>
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<div id="updated">Updated: 2025-12-28 Sun 19:48</div>
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<article class="stack-pane pane-root" data-url="/20251122223053-keyboard.html">
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</div>
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||||
<h1 class="title">keyboard</h1>
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<div class="title-metadata">
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<span class="metadata-item">
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||||
<span class="metadata-label">planted:</span>
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||||
<span class="metadata-value">2025-11-22</span>
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</span>
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||||
<span class="metadata-item">
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||||
<span class="metadata-label">last tended to:</span>
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<span class="metadata-value">2025-12-28</span>
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</span>
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</div>
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||||
</div>
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||||
<div id="outline-container-org7685b3d" class="outline-2">
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<h2 id="org7685b3d"><a href="#org7685b3d">Keyboard inputs</a></h2>
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<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-org7685b3d">
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<p>
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This all comes from the fact that a “key press” isn’t one thing — it’s
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a stack of specs and translations from <b>keyboard hardware → USB/HID →
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Linux kernel → userspace (XKB/Wayland) → Hyprland binds</b>.
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</p>
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||||
</div>
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||||
<div id="outline-container-big-picture-what-happens-when-you-press-a-key" class="outline-3">
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||||
<h3 id="big-picture-what-happens-when-you-press-a-key"><a href="#big-picture-what-happens-when-you-press-a-key">1. Big picture: what happens when you press a key?</a></h3>
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<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-big-picture-what-happens-when-you-press-a-key">
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<p>
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||||
When you hit a key (like your “lock” key), roughly this happens:
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||||
</p>
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||||
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<div class="org-src-container">
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<pre class="src src-text">Physical switch on keyboard
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↓
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Keyboard firmware → USB HID "usage" (e.g. 0x07:0xE3 = Left GUI)
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↓
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Linux kernel input subsystem (evdev) → KEY_LEFTMETA (code 125)
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↓
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libinput / xkbcommon → keysyms (like Super_L, L, etc.)
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↓
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Hyprland → your `bind = SUPER, L, exec, ...`
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</pre>
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||||
</div>
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||||
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||||
<p>
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||||
The “topic” we’ve been poking at is basically <b>understanding each layer
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||||
in that stack</b>.
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||||
</p>
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||||
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||||
<hr />
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||||
</div>
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||||
</div>
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||||
<div id="outline-container-usb-hid-where-700e3-comes-from" class="outline-3">
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||||
<h3 id="usb-hid-where-700e3-comes-from"><a href="#usb-hid-where-700e3-comes-from">2. USB HID: where <code>700e3</code> comes from</a></h3>
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||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-usb-hid-where-700e3-comes-from">
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||||
<p>
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||||
Modern USB keyboards follow the <b>USB HID (Human Interface Device)
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||||
specification</b>. This spec defines <b>Usage Tables</b>: numerical codes for
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||||
things like keys, buttons, axes, etc.
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||||
</p>
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||||
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||||
<ul class="org-ul">
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||||
<li>The keyboard page is <b>Usage Page 0x07 (Keyboard/Keypad)</b>.</li>
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||||
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||||
<li>In your <code>evtest</code> output, <code>MSC_SCAN value 700e3</code> means:
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||||
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||||
<ul class="org-ul">
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||||
<li><code>0x07</code> (Keyboard page)</li>
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||||
<li><code>0xE3</code> (Left GUI / “Windows/Super” key)</li>
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||||
</ul></li>
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||||
</ul>
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||||
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||||
<p>
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||||
You can see the official tables here (PDF):
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||||
</p>
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||||
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||||
<ul class="org-ul">
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||||
<li><b>HID Usage Tables (includes Keyboard/Keypad page 0x07)</b>
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||||
<a href="https://usb.org/sites/default/files/hut1_21.pdf">https://usb.org/sites/default/files/hut1_21.pdf</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://usb.org/sites/default/files/hut1_21.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com">USB
|
||||
Implementers Forum</a>)</li>
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||||
</ul>
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||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
If you scroll to the <b>Keyboard/Keypad Page (0x07)</b> section, it lists all
|
||||
the key usages: A, B, C, modifiers, function keys, etc. There’s also a
|
||||
standalone Keyboard/Keypad-page extract people mirror, like this PDF
|
||||
snippet:
|
||||
(<a href="https://d1.amobbs.com/bbs_upload782111/files_47/ourdev_692986N5FAHU.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com">d1.amobbs.com</a>)
|
||||
</p>
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||||
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||||
<p>
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||||
So:
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||||
</p>
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||||
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||||
<ul class="org-ul">
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||||
<li><code>700e3</code> = Page <code>0x07</code>, Usage <code>0xE3</code> → <i>Keyboard Left GUI</i></li>
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||||
<li><code>7000f</code> = Page <code>0x07</code>, Usage <code>0x0F</code> → <i>Keyboard L</i> key</li>
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||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
<p>
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||||
That’s how we knew your lock key was sending <b>Super + L</b>.
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||||
</p>
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||||
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||||
<hr />
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||||
</div>
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||||
</div>
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||||
<div id="outline-container-linux-input-subsystem-ev_msc-ev_key-key_leftmeta" class="outline-3">
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||||
<h3 id="linux-input-subsystem-ev_msc-ev_key-key_leftmeta"><a href="#linux-input-subsystem-ev_msc-ev_key-key_leftmeta">3. Linux input subsystem: <code>EV_MSC</code>, <code>EV_KEY</code>, <code>KEY_LEFTMETA</code></a></h3>
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||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-linux-input-subsystem-ev_msc-ev_key-key_leftmeta">
|
||||
<p>
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||||
Linux has a dedicated <b>input subsystem</b> in the kernel (<code>drivers/input</code>,
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||||
<code>drivers/hid</code> etc.) that takes those HID usages and turns them into a
|
||||
unified stream of <b>input events</b>.
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||||
(<a href="https://docs.kernel.org/input/input.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Linux
|
||||
Kernel Documentation</a>)
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||||
</p>
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||||
|
||||
<p>
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||||
Key ideas:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li>Devices expose <code>/dev/input/eventX</code> nodes.</li>
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||||
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||||
<li>Each event is a struct with:
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
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||||
<li><code>type</code> (e.g. <code>EV_KEY</code>, <code>EV_MSC</code>, <code>EV_REL</code>, <code>EV_SYN</code>)</li>
|
||||
<li><code>code</code> (e.g. <code>KEY_L</code>, <code>KEY_LEFTMETA</code>)</li>
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||||
<li><code>value</code> (pressed = 1, released = 0, repeat = 2)</li>
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||||
</ul></li>
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||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
<p>
|
||||
Docs worth bookmarking:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li><b>Linux input subsystem overview</b>
|
||||
<a href="https://docs.kernel.org/input/input.html">https://docs.kernel.org/input/input.html</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://docs.kernel.org/input/input.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Linux
|
||||
Kernel Documentation</a>)</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><b>Input event types and codes (<code>event-codes.txt</code>)</b>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/input/event-codes.txt">https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/input/event-codes.txt</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/input/event-codes.txt?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Kernel.org</a>)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The <b>keycode definitions</b> (<code>KEY_L</code>, <code>KEY_LEFTMETA</code>, etc.) live in:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li><code>include/uapi/linux/input-event-codes.h</code> in the kernel source Example
|
||||
mirror:
|
||||
<a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/torvalds/linux/master/include/uapi/linux/input-event-codes.h">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/torvalds/linux/master/include/uapi/linux/input-event-codes.h</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/torvalds/linux/master/include/uapi/linux/input-event-codes.h?utm_source=chatgpt.com">GitHub</a>)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
When <code>evtest</code> prints:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-text">type 4 (EV_MSC), code 4 (MSC_SCAN), value 700e3
|
||||
type 1 (EV_KEY), code 125 (KEY_LEFTMETA), value 0
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
that means:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li><code>EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN</code> → “Here is the raw hardware scancode” (from USB
|
||||
HID).</li>
|
||||
<li><code>EV_KEY / KEY_LEFTMETA</code> → “Linux mapped that scancode to logical key
|
||||
LEFTMETA”.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-xkb-xkbcommon-mapping-to-actual-characters-modifiers" class="outline-3">
|
||||
<h3 id="xkb-xkbcommon-mapping-to-actual-characters-modifiers"><a href="#xkb-xkbcommon-mapping-to-actual-characters-modifiers">4. XKB / xkbcommon: mapping to actual characters & modifiers</a></h3>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-xkb-xkbcommon-mapping-to-actual-characters-modifiers">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Above the kernel, you’ve got an extra mapping layer that says:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
For keycode N, with this layout, when Shift is held, produce this
|
||||
character/symbol.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
On X11 this is handled by <b>XKB (X Keyboard Extension)</b>; on Wayland
|
||||
compositors (including Hyprland) the same ideas are implemented via
|
||||
<b>xkbcommon</b>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Docs:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li><b>X Keyboard Extension (XKB) protocol spec</b>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/doc/kbproto/xkbproto.html">https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/doc/kbproto/xkbproto.html</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/doc/kbproto/xkbproto.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com">X.Org</a>)</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><b>Arch Wiki: X keyboard extension</b> (good high-level intro)
|
||||
<a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/X_keyboard_extension">https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/X_keyboard_extension</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/X_keyboard_extension?utm_source=chatgpt.com">ArchWiki</a>)</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>A nice “practical” walkthrough of XKB concepts:
|
||||
<a href="https://medium.com/@damko/a-simple-humble-but-comprehensive-guide-to-xkb-for-linux-6f1ad5e13450">https://medium.com/[cite/t:@damko/a-simple-humble-but-comprehensive-guide-to-xkb-for-linux-6f1ad5e13450</a>]
|
||||
(<a href="https://medium.com/%40damko/a-simple-humble-but-comprehensive-guide-to-xkb-for-linux-6f1ad5e13450?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Medium</a>)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Hyprland, Sway, etc. all use libinput + xkbcommon under the hood to
|
||||
interpret those keycodes and translate them into keysyms and modifiers.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-hyprland-your-config-where-the-bindings-fit-in" class="outline-3">
|
||||
<h3 id="hyprland-your-config-where-the-bindings-fit-in"><a href="#hyprland-your-config-where-the-bindings-fit-in">5. Hyprland / your config: where the bindings fit in</a></h3>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-hyprland-your-config-where-the-bindings-fit-in">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Hyprland sits at the top of this stack:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li>It listens to the input events (via libinput).</li>
|
||||
<li>It sees keysyms/modifiers (e.g. <code>Super</code>, <code>L</code>).</li>
|
||||
<li>It matches them against your config:</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-ini">bind = SUPER, L, exec, hyprlock
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
So your keyboard’s “lock” key:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol class="org-ol">
|
||||
<li>Firmware sends HID usages <code>0xE3</code> (Left GUI) and <code>0x0F</code> (L).</li>
|
||||
<li>Linux maps them to <code>KEY_LEFTMETA</code> (125) and <code>KEY_L</code> (38).</li>
|
||||
<li>xkbcommon maps that to <code>Super</code> + <code>L</code>.</li>
|
||||
<li>Hyprland says: “Ah, SUPER+L → run <code>hyprlock</code>”.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The “topic” you stumbled into is just <b>peeling back each abstraction
|
||||
layer</b>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-handy-tools-libraries-if-you-want-to-go-deeper" class="outline-3">
|
||||
<h3 id="handy-tools-libraries-if-you-want-to-go-deeper"><a href="#handy-tools-libraries-if-you-want-to-go-deeper">6. Handy tools & libraries if you want to go deeper</a></h3>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-handy-tools-libraries-if-you-want-to-go-deeper">
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li><code>evtest</code>, <code>libinput debug-events</code>, <code>showkey</code> → To watch what your
|
||||
keyboard is actually sending.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><b>Python-evdev</b> – Python bindings to read <code>/dev/input/event*</code>
|
||||
yourself: <a href="https://python-evdev.readthedocs.io/">https://python-evdev.readthedocs.io/</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://python-evdev.readthedocs.io/?utm_source=chatgpt.com">python-evdev.readthedocs.io</a>)</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Linux input subsystem docs again:
|
||||
<a href="https://docs.kernel.org/driver-api/input.html">https://docs.kernel.org/driver-api/input.html</a>
|
||||
(<a href="https://docs.kernel.org/driver-api/input.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com">Linux
|
||||
Kernel Documentation</a>)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="backlinks-section" id="backlinks">
|
||||
Backlinks
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul backlinks-list">
|
||||
<li><a href="20250417173809-linux_stuff.html#ID-bdb493df-db92-4c93-9558-0b10fdff3048">linux<sub>moc</sub></a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div></article></div></div>
|
||||
<div id="postamble" class="status">
|
||||
<footer>
|
||||
<div class="copyright-container">
|
||||
<div class="copyright">
|
||||
Copyright © 2022-2025 Zaine Qayyum. All rights reserved unless otherwise noted.</div></div>
|
||||
<div class="generated">
|
||||
Created with <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">Emacs</a> 30.2 (<a href="https://orgmode.org">Org</a> mode 9.7.11) on <a href="https://www.archlinux.org/">Arch</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org">GNU</a>/<a href="https://www.kernel.org/">Linux</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</footer>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user