1258 lines
34 KiB
HTML
Executable File
1258 lines
34 KiB
HTML
Executable File
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#org-div-home-and-up
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<body>
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<div id="preamble" class="status">
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<div class="banner-header">
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<div class="banner-left">
|
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<a href="/20241210233721-brain_moc.html"> <img src="/assets/gr.png" alt="Site Logo" class="banner-logo" /> </a>
|
||
<div id="updated">Updated: 2025-12-28 Sun 19:48</div>
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autocomplete="off" />
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<div id="search-results"></div>
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<button id="close-all">Close All</button>
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
||
<div id="stack-root">
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<div class="stack-track">
|
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<article class="stack-pane pane-root" data-url="/20250723190203-java_portswrigger_test.html">
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<div id="content" class="content">
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<div class="title-section">
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<div class="title-controls">
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||
<button class="pane-fullscreen" aria-label="Fullscreen">F</button>
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<button class="pane-edit" aria-label="Edit pane">E</button>
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<button class="pane-close" aria-label="Close pane">×</button>
|
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</div>
|
||
<h1 class="title">java-portswrigger-test</h1>
|
||
<div class="title-metadata">
|
||
<span class="metadata-item">
|
||
<span class="metadata-label">planted:</span>
|
||
<span class="metadata-value">2025-07-23</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="metadata-item">
|
||
<span class="metadata-label">last tended to:</span>
|
||
<span class="metadata-value">2025-12-28</span>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1c89d06" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org1c89d06"><a href="#org1c89d06">Latest</a></h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-org1c89d06">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org772a16f" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org772a16f"><a href="#org772a16f">Java concepts:</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-org772a16f">
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 1. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Inheritance
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Definition</b></b>: Mechanism where a class inherits properties and behaviors from another class</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Syntax</b></b>: `public class Child extends Parent { }`</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Types</b></b>: Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>’super’ keyword</b></b>: Refers to parent class objects/constructors</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Method Overriding</b></b>: Child classes can provide specific implementation of methods</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Encapsulation
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Definition</b></b>: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data within a single unit</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Implementation</b></b>: Using private fields with public getters/setters</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Benefits</b></b>: Hides implementation details, controls access, reduces code coupling</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
```java
|
||
public class Account {
|
||
private double balance;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
public double getBalance() {
|
||
return balance;
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
public void deposit(double amount) {
|
||
if (amount > 0) {
|
||
balance += amount;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Polymorphism
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Definition</b></b>: Ability of objects to take different forms</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Types</b></b>:
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Compile-time (Method Overloading)</b></b>: Multiple methods with same name but different parameters</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Runtime (Method Overriding)</b></b>: Subclass implementing parent class method</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Example</b></b>:</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
```java
|
||
class Animal {
|
||
void makeSound() { System.out.println(“Animal sound”); }
|
||
}
|
||
class Dog extends Animal {
|
||
@Override
|
||
void makeSound() { System.out.println(“Bark”); }
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Abstraction
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Definition</b></b>: Hiding implementation details, showing only functionality</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Implementation</b></b>: Through abstract classes and interfaces</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Abstract Classes</b></b>: Can have both concrete and abstract methods</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Interfaces</b></b>: Collection of abstract methods (default/static methods allowed in Java 8+)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>
|
||
```java
|
||
abstract class Vehicle {
|
||
abstract void start();
|
||
void stop() { System.out.println(“Stopping”); }
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
interface Flyable {
|
||
void fly();
|
||
default void land() { System.out.println(“Landing”); }
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 2. Java Syntax and Language Features
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Basic Structure
|
||
```java
|
||
package com.example;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
import java.util.List;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
public class MyClass {
|
||
// Fields
|
||
private int number;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Constructor
|
||
public MyClass(int number) {
|
||
this.number = number;
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Methods
|
||
public void doSomething() {
|
||
/</i> Method body
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Main method
|
||
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
||
/</i> Program execution starts here
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Access Modifiers
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>public</b></b>: Accessible from anywhere</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>protected</b></b>: Accessible within package and by subclasses</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>default (no modifier)</b></b>: Accessible only within package</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>private</b></b>: Accessible only within class</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Non-Access Modifiers
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>static</b></b>: Belongs to class rather than instance</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>final</b></b>: Cannot be extended (class), overridden (method), or changed (variable)</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>abstract</b></b>: Cannot be instantiated (class), must be implemented (method)</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>synchronized</b></b>: Controls thread access to method/block</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>volatile</b></b>: Variable value always read from main memory</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 3. Data Types, Variables, and Operators
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Primitive Data Types
|
||
</p>
|
||
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
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|
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|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||
|
||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||
|
||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||
|
||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Type</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Size</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Range</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Default</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">byte</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">8 bits</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">-128 to 127</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">short</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">16 bits</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">-32,768 to 32,767</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">int</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">32 bits</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">-2<sup>31</sup> to 2<sup>31</sup>-1</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">long</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">64 bits</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">-2<sup>63</sup> to 2<sup>63</sup>-1</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">0L</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">float</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">32 bits</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">~3.40282347 x 10<sup>38</sup></td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">0.0f</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">double</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">64 bits</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">~1.79769313486231570 x 10<sup>308</sup></td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">0.0d</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">char</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">16 bits</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">0 to 65,535</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">’\u0000’</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">boolean</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">1 bit</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">true/false</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">false</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Reference Types
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Classes</b></b>: `String`, custom classes</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Arrays</b></b>: `int[]`, `String[]`</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Interfaces</b></b>: Collections interfaces</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Wrapper Classes</b></b>: `Integer`, `Boolean`, etc.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Variable Declaration
|
||
```java
|
||
// Primitive types
|
||
int count = 10;
|
||
double price = 23.45;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Reference types
|
||
String name = “John”;
|
||
Date today = new Date();
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Constants
|
||
final double PI = 3.14159;
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Operators
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Arithmetic</b></b>: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`, `++`, `–`</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Relational</b></b>: `==`, `!=`, `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<=`</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Logical</b></b>: `&&`, `||`, `!`</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Bitwise</b></b>: `&`, `|`, `^`, `~`, `<a id="org02ebba6"></a>`, `>>>`</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Assignment</b></b>: `=`, `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`, etc.</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Ternary</b></b>: `condition ? expr1 : expr2`</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>instanceof</b></b>: Tests if object is instance of class/interface</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 4. Control Flow Statements
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Conditional Statements
|
||
```java
|
||
<i>/ if-else
|
||
if (condition) {
|
||
/</i> code block
|
||
} else if (anotherCondition) {
|
||
<i>/ code block
|
||
} else {
|
||
/</i> code block
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ switch
|
||
switch (variable) {
|
||
case value1:
|
||
/</i> code block
|
||
break;
|
||
case value2:
|
||
<i>/ code block
|
||
break;
|
||
default:
|
||
/</i> code block
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Enhanced switch (Java 14+)
|
||
switch (variable) {
|
||
case value1 -> /</i> code or expression;
|
||
case value2 -> <i>/ code or expression;
|
||
default -> /</i> code or expression;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Loops
|
||
```java
|
||
<i>/ for loop
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
|
||
/</i> code block
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ enhanced for loop (for-each)
|
||
for (String item : itemList) {
|
||
/</i> code block
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ while loop
|
||
while (condition) {
|
||
/</i> code block
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ do-while loop
|
||
do {
|
||
/</i> code block
|
||
} while (condition);
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Control Statements
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>break</b></b>: Exits loop or switch</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>continue</b></b>: Skips to next iteration</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>return</b></b>: Exits method, optionally returning value</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>yield</b></b>: Returns value from switch expression (Java 14+)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 5. Exception Handling
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Exception Hierarchy
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Throwable</b></b>: Base class for all exceptions
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Error</b></b>: Serious problems, not typically caught</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Exception</b></b>: Base for checked exceptions
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>RuntimeException</b></b>: Base for unchecked exceptions</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Try-Catch-Finally
|
||
```java
|
||
try {
|
||
<i>/ code that might throw exception
|
||
} catch (ExceptionType1 e1) {
|
||
/</i> handle exception type 1
|
||
} catch (ExceptionType2 | ExceptionType3 e2) {
|
||
<i>/ handle multiple exception types
|
||
} finally {
|
||
/</i> always executed code
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Try-With-Resources
|
||
```java
|
||
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(“file.txt”))) {
|
||
<i>/ code that uses resource
|
||
/</i> resource automatically closed
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Throwing Exceptions
|
||
```java
|
||
if (value < 0) {
|
||
throw new IllegalArgumentException(“Value cannot be negative”);
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Creating Custom Exceptions
|
||
```java
|
||
public class CustomException extends Exception {
|
||
public CustomException() { super(); }
|
||
public CustomException(String message) { super(message); }
|
||
public CustomException(String message, Throwable cause) { super(message, cause); }
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Checked</b></b>: Must be caught or declared (IOException, SQLException)</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Unchecked</b></b>: Not required to be caught (RuntimeException and subclasses)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 6. Java Collections Framework
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Main Interfaces
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Collection</b></b>: Root interface
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>List</b></b>: Ordered collection (allows duplicates)</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Set</b></b>: No duplicates</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Queue</b></b>: Typically FIFO order</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Map</b></b>: Key-value pairs</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Common Implementations
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Lists</b></b>:
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>`ArrayList`: Dynamic array, fast random access</li>
|
||
<li>`LinkedList`: Fast insertions/deletions</li>
|
||
<li>`Vector`: Synchronized version of ArrayList</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Sets</b></b>:
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>`HashSet`: Fast operations, no order guarantee</li>
|
||
<li>`LinkedHashSet`: Preserves insertion order</li>
|
||
<li>`TreeSet`: Sorted set (implements SortedSet)</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Maps</b></b>:
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>`HashMap`: Fast operations, no order guarantee</li>
|
||
<li>`LinkedHashMap`: Preserves insertion order</li>
|
||
<li>`TreeMap`: Sorted by keys (implements SortedMap)</li>
|
||
<li>`Hashtable`: Synchronized version of HashMap</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Queues</b></b>:
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>`ArrayDeque`: Resizable array implementation</li>
|
||
<li>`PriorityQueue`: Elements processed by priority</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Usage Examples
|
||
```java
|
||
// ArrayList
|
||
List<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
|
||
names.add(“Alice”);
|
||
names.add(“Bob”);
|
||
names.remove(0);
|
||
String first = names.get(0);
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// HashMap
|
||
Map<String, Integer> ages = new HashMap<>();
|
||
ages.put(“Alice”, 30);
|
||
ages.put(“Bob”, 25);
|
||
int aliceAge = ages.get(“Alice”);
|
||
boolean containsBob = ages.containsKey(“Bob”);
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ HashSet
|
||
Set<String> uniqueNames = new HashSet<>();
|
||
uniqueNames.add(“Alice”);
|
||
uniqueNames.add(“Alice”); /</i> Ignored (duplicate)
|
||
boolean hasAlice = uniqueNames.contains(“Alice”);
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 7. Generics
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Basic Syntax
|
||
```java
|
||
// Generic class
|
||
public class Box<T> {
|
||
private T value;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
public void set(T value) { this.value = value; }
|
||
public T get() { return value; }
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Usage
|
||
Box<Integer> intBox = new Box<>();
|
||
intBox.set(10);
|
||
Integer value = intBox.get();
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Wildcards
|
||
```java
|
||
<i>/ Unknown type (?)
|
||
void processElements(List<?> elements) {
|
||
/</i> Can read but not write elements
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Upper bounded wildcard
|
||
void addNumbers(List<? extends Number> numbers) {
|
||
/</i> Can read elements knowing they are at least Number
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Lower bounded wildcard
|
||
void addIntegers(List<? super Integer> integers) {
|
||
integers.add(10); /</i> Can write Integers
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Type Parameters
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Type Parameter Naming Conventions</b></b>:
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>`E`: Element</li>
|
||
<li>`K`: Key</li>
|
||
<li>`V`: Value</li>
|
||
<li>`N`: Number</li>
|
||
<li>`T`: Type</li>
|
||
<li>`S`, `U`, `V`, etc.: Additional types</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Type Erasure
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>During compilation, generic type information is removed (“erased”)</li>
|
||
<li>Runtime doesn’t have access to generic type information</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 8. Functional Interfaces and Lambda Expressions
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Functional Interfaces
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>Interface with exactly one abstract method</li>
|
||
<li>Annotated with `@FunctionalInterface`</li>
|
||
<li>Common functional interfaces:
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>`Predicate<T>`: Takes T, returns boolean (`boolean test(T t)`)</li>
|
||
<li>`Consumer<T>`: Takes T, returns void (`void accept(T t)`)</li>
|
||
<li>`Function<T,R>`: Takes T, returns R (`R apply(T t)`)</li>
|
||
<li>`Supplier<T>`: Takes nothing, returns T (`T get()`)</li>
|
||
<li>`BinaryOperator<T>`: Takes two T, returns T (`T apply(T t1, T t2)`)</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Lambda Expressions
|
||
```java
|
||
// Basic syntax
|
||
(parameters) -> expression
|
||
(parameters) -> { statements; }
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Examples
|
||
Predicate<String> isEmpty = s -> s.isEmpty();
|
||
Consumer<String> printer = s -> System.out.println(s);
|
||
Function<String, Integer> lengthFinder = s -> s.length();
|
||
Supplier<Double> random = () -> Math.random();
|
||
BinaryOperator<Integer> sum = (a, b) -> a + b;
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Method References
|
||
```java
|
||
// Static method
|
||
Function<String, Integer> parseInt = Integer::parseInt;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Instance method of specific object
|
||
Consumer<String> printer = System.out::println;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Instance method of arbitrary object
|
||
Function<String, Integer> length = String::length;
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Constructor
|
||
Supplier<List<String>> listSupplier = ArrayList::new;
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 9. Streams API
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Creating Streams
|
||
```java
|
||
// From collection
|
||
List<String> list = Arrays.asList(“a”, “b”, “c”);
|
||
Stream<String> stream = list.stream();
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// From array
|
||
String[] array = {“a”, “b”, “c”};
|
||
Stream<String> stream = Arrays.stream(array);
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
// Generate/iterate
|
||
Stream<Integer> numbers = Stream.iterate(0, n -> n + 1).limit(10);
|
||
Stream<Double> randoms = Stream.generate(Math::random).limit(5);
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Common Operations
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>Intermediate Operations</b></b> (return a stream):
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>`filter(Predicate)`: Filters elements</li>
|
||
<li>`map(Function)`: Transforms elements</li>
|
||
<li>`flatMap(Function)`: Transforms and flattens</li>
|
||
<li>`sorted()`: Sorts elements</li>
|
||
<li>`distinct()`: Removes duplicates</li>
|
||
<li>`limit(n)`: Limits size</li>
|
||
<li>`skip(n)`: Skips elements</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Terminal Operations</b></b> (produce a result):
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>`forEach(Consumer)`: Processes each element</li>
|
||
<li>`collect(Collector)`: Gathers elements</li>
|
||
<li>`reduce(BinaryOperator)`: Reduces to single value</li>
|
||
<li>`count()`: Counts elements</li>
|
||
<li>`anyMatch(Predicate)`: Tests if any match</li>
|
||
<li>`allMatch(Predicate)`: Tests if all match</li>
|
||
<li>`noneMatch(Predicate)`: Tests if none match</li>
|
||
<li>`findFirst()`, `findAny()`: Finds elements</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Example
|
||
```java
|
||
List<String> names = Arrays.asList(“John”, “Jane”, “Jack”, “James”);
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
List<String> filteredNames = names.stream()
|
||
.filter(name -> name.startsWith(“J”))
|
||
.filter(name -> name.length() > 3)
|
||
.map(String::toUpperCase)
|
||
.sorted()
|
||
.collect(Collectors.toList());
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
## 10. Multithreading and Concurrency
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Thread Creation
|
||
```java
|
||
<i>/ Extending Thread
|
||
class MyThread extends Thread {
|
||
public void run() {
|
||
/</i> Code to execute in thread
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
|
||
thread.start();
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Implementing Runnable
|
||
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
|
||
public void run() {
|
||
/</i> Code to execute in thread
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
Thread thread = new Thread(new MyRunnable());
|
||
thread.start();
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Lambda expression
|
||
Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
|
||
/</i> Code to execute in thread
|
||
});
|
||
thread.start();
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Thread Lifecycle
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>New</b></b>: Created but not started</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Runnable</b></b>: Started, waiting for scheduler</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Blocked</b></b>: Waiting for monitor lock</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Waiting</b></b>: Called wait() without timeout</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Timed Waiting</b></b>: Called sleep() or wait() with timeout</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>Terminated</b></b>: Completed execution</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Thread Synchronization
|
||
```java
|
||
<i>/ Synchronized method
|
||
synchronized void method() {
|
||
/</i> Thread-safe code
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Synchronized block
|
||
synchronized (lockObject) {
|
||
/</i> Thread-safe code
|
||
}
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ Lock interface
|
||
Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
|
||
lock.lock();
|
||
try {
|
||
/</i> Critical section
|
||
} finally {
|
||
lock.unlock();
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Concurrent Collections
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>ConcurrentHashMap</b></b>: Thread-safe HashMap</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>CopyOnWriteArrayList</b></b>: Thread-safe ArrayList</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>BlockingQueue</b></b>: Queue with blocking operations</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Thread Pools (ExecutorService)
|
||
```java
|
||
<i>/ Fixed thread pool
|
||
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
|
||
executor.submit(() -> {
|
||
/</i> Task to execute
|
||
});
|
||
executor.shutdown();
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<i>/ CompletableFuture
|
||
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
|
||
/</i> Async computation
|
||
return “Result”;
|
||
});
|
||
future.thenAccept(System.out::println);
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Atomic Variables
|
||
```java
|
||
AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
|
||
counter.incrementAndGet(); // Thread-safe increment
|
||
```
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
### Thread Communication
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li><b><b>wait()</b></b>: Causes thread to wait until notify/notifyAll</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>notify()</b></b>: Wakes up one waiting thread</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>notifyAll()</b></b>: Wakes up all waiting threads</li>
|
||
<li><b><b>join()</b></b>: Waits for thread to die</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org8c0d0b0" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org8c0d0b0"><a href="#org8c0d0b0">Original</a></h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-org8c0d0b0">
|
||
<ol class="org-ol">
|
||
<li>Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java</li>
|
||
<li>Encapsulation (Access Modifiers: private, protected, public, default)</li>
|
||
<li>Abstraction (abstract classes, interfaces, default methods in interfaces)</li>
|
||
<li>Inheritance (extends, method overriding, super keyword, constructor chaining)</li>
|
||
<li>Polymorphism (Compile-time vs. Runtime, method overloading vs. method overriding)</li>
|
||
<li>Composition vs. Inheritance (Why favor composition over inheritance?)</li>
|
||
<li>SOLID Principles (How they apply in Java)</li>
|
||
<li>JavaBeans and POJOs (Plain Old Java Objects)</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Data Types and Memory Management</li>
|
||
<li>Primitive vs. Reference Types</li>
|
||
<li>Wrapper classes (Integer, Double, Boolean, etc.)</li>
|
||
<li>String handling (String, StringBuilder, StringBuffer, immutability)</li>
|
||
<li>Autoboxing and Unboxing</li>
|
||
<li>Memory Allocation (Heap vs. Stack)</li>
|
||
<li>Garbage Collection (How it works, finalize(), weak references, types of GC algorithms)</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Collections Framework (JCF)</li>
|
||
<li>List Interface (ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, Stack)</li>
|
||
<li>Set Interface (HashSet, TreeSet, LinkedHashSet)</li>
|
||
<li>Map Interface (HashMap, TreeMap, LinkedHashMap, Hashtable)</li>
|
||
<li>Queue Interface (PriorityQueue, Deque, ArrayDeque)</li>
|
||
<li>Concurrent Collections (ConcurrentHashMap, CopyOnWriteArrayList)</li>
|
||
<li>Sorting and Searching in Collections (Comparable vs. Comparator)</li>
|
||
<li>Big-O Complexity of Collection Operations</li>
|
||
<li>Immutable Collections (List.of(), Set.of(), Map.of())</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Exception Handling</li>
|
||
<li>Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions</li>
|
||
<li>Custom Exceptions</li>
|
||
<li>Try-Catch-Finally vs. Try-With-Resources (AutoCloseable)</li>
|
||
<li>Throw vs. Throws</li>
|
||
<li>Multi-catch blocks (catch (IOException | SQLException e))</li>
|
||
<li>Best Practices for Exception Handling (Avoiding Generic Exceptions)</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Multithreading and Concurrency</li>
|
||
<li>Thread Lifecycle</li>
|
||
<li>Creating Threads (Thread vs. Runnable, Callable, Future)</li>
|
||
<li>Synchronization (synchronized keyword, locks, ReentrantLock, wait(), notify())</li>
|
||
<li>Thread Safety and Shared Resource Handling</li>
|
||
<li>Executors and Thread Pools (ExecutorService, ScheduledExecutorService)</li>
|
||
<li>Atomic Variables (AtomicInteger, AtomicBoolean)</li>
|
||
<li>Fork-Join Framework</li>
|
||
<li>Deadlocks, Race Conditions, and Livelocks</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Streams and Functional Programming</li>
|
||
<li>Lambda Expressions ((a, b) -> a + b)</li>
|
||
<li>Method References (Class::methodName)</li>
|
||
<li>Functional Interfaces (Predicate, Consumer, Supplier, Function, BiFunction)</li>
|
||
<li>Streams API (Intermediate vs. Terminal Operations)</li>
|
||
<li>Stream Processing (map(), filter(), reduce(), collect())</li>
|
||
<li>Parallel Streams (parallelStream())</li>
|
||
<li>Optional Class (Optional<T>, avoiding null)</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Input/Output (I/O) and Serialization</li>
|
||
<li>Byte Streams vs. Character Streams (InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, Writer)</li>
|
||
<li>File Handling (File, Files, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter)</li>
|
||
<li>Object Serialization (Serializable, transient keyword)</li>
|
||
<li>New I/O (NIO) (Path, Files, ByteBuffer, Channels)</li>
|
||
<li>Memory-Mapped Files</li>
|
||
<li>Java 11+ Features (Files.writeString(), Files.readString())</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java 8+ Features</li>
|
||
<li>Default and Static Methods in Interfaces</li>
|
||
<li>Optional Class</li>
|
||
<li>New Date and Time API (LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime, ZonedDateTime)</li>
|
||
<li>CompletableFuture (thenApply(), thenAccept(), exceptionally())</li>
|
||
<li>New Collection Methods (List.of(), Set.of(), Map.of())</li>
|
||
<li>Records (Java 14+)</li>
|
||
<li>Pattern Matching (Java 17+)</li>
|
||
<li>Sealed Classes (Java 17+)</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Reflection and Dynamic Class Loading</li>
|
||
<li>Getting Class Information (.class, Class.forName())</li>
|
||
<li>Accessing Private Fields and Methods</li>
|
||
<li>Dynamic Proxy and InvocationHandler</li>
|
||
<li>Annotations and Annotation Processing</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Networking (Sockets, HTTP)</li>
|
||
<li>Java Sockets (ServerSocket, Socket)</li>
|
||
<li>URL and HttpURLConnection</li>
|
||
<li>HTTP Clients (Java 11 HttpClient)</li>
|
||
<li>Multithreaded Server Applications</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Security Basics</li>
|
||
<li>Encryption and Hashing (AES, SHA, RSA)</li>
|
||
<li>Java Cryptography API (MessageDigest, Cipher)</li>
|
||
<li>Secure Random Numbers (SecureRandom)</li>
|
||
<li>Security Manager (doPrivileged())</li>
|
||
<li>Understanding Java Classloaders and Security Policies</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Internals</li>
|
||
<li>JVM Architecture (ClassLoader, Method Area, Heap, Stack, Execution Engine, Garbage Collector)</li>
|
||
<li>Class Loading (ClassLoader, Bootstrap, Extensions, Application ClassLoader)</li>
|
||
<li>JIT Compilation (Just-In-Time Compiler)</li>
|
||
<li>Garbage Collection Algorithms (G1, ZGC, Epsilon GC)</li>
|
||
<li>JVM Performance Tuning (-Xms, -Xmx, -XX:+UseG1GC)</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<p class="backlinks-section" id="backlinks">
|
||
Backlinks
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul class="org-ul backlinks-list">
|
||
<li><a href="20250722221649-career_moc.html#ID-dd04d228-fff5-402a-929d-9d113a2ec965">career<sub>moc</sub></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></article></div></div>
|
||
<div id="postamble" class="status">
|
||
<footer>
|
||
<div class="copyright-container">
|
||
<div class="copyright">
|
||
Copyright © 2022-2025 Zaine Qayyum. All rights reserved unless otherwise noted.</div></div>
|
||
<div class="generated">
|
||
Created with <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">Emacs</a> 30.2 (<a href="https://orgmode.org">Org</a> mode 9.7.11) on <a href="https://www.archlinux.org/">Arch</a> <a href="https://www.gnu.org">GNU</a>/<a href="https://www.kernel.org/">Linux</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
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|